What is the Impact of Human Trafficking on the Biopsychosocial Health of Victims: A Systematic Review.

The health consequences of human trafficking have been poorly researched compared to other aspects of this crime. A systematic review was carried out to study health from a broader perspective, beyond psychophysical symptoms, to understand the global impact of human trafficking on sexual, social, physical, and psychological health. The search identified many studies focused on the violence of sex trafficking in female samples. This work leads us to conclude that social health is an important dimension of the well-being of trafficking victims. More studies are needed on aspects of social health, especially regarding research gaps related to spirituality and nutrition, thus continuing preventing and combating human trafficking. Many gender biases were also discovered: unlike studies of trafficking in women, the few studies on men did not look at parenting, sexual health, marital status, or sex trafficking.

Nobody Should Die Alone. Loneliness and a Dignified Death During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

During the direst months of the COVID-19 pandemic, thousands of people died alone. This study analyzes these deaths, which occurred without the presence of loved ones, and seeks to a) examine the significance for relatives, as well as professionals, of dying alone, b) determine if these solitary deaths can be considered dignified, or good deaths, and c) evaluate if the treatment of the cadavers and the funeral rites transpired with the desired dignity and sensitivity. The study was carried out in the autonomous community of Madrid using a qualitative, phenomenological, and interpretative approach through in-depth interviews of 49 informants, professionals and relatives. Interviews were conducted between July and November of 2020, followed by an interpretive, categorical, qualitative analysis. Among the key findings are that during the most critical months, deaths lacked the desired dignity, even though the involved professionals did their best to accompany and dignify the deaths.

"The worst thing that has happened to me": Healthcare and social services professionals confronting death during the COVID-19 crisis.

Objectives: This study analyzes the subjective emotional impact COVID-19 deaths have had on healthcare, social services, and funeral services professionals, it explores the different implications, and analyzes the different reactions of health and social care professionals and funeral professionals to the volume of deaths. Methods: This work is based on a qualitative, phenomenological, and interpretative approach through in-depth interviews with 42 informants, including 36 social and healthcare professionals, as well as 6 family members of those who died from COVID-19 in Madrid. The interviews were processed through a qualitative, interpretative, categorical analysis. Results: Healthcare professionals were overexposed to a significant number of deaths under dramatic circumstances. Many of these professionals had difficulties processing their experiences and expressed the need for psychological help. The fact that certain professionals had previous exposure to high mortality rates was not a protective factor. Some coping differences were seen between healthcare professionals and professionals dedicated to the care of the deceased (undertakers or firemen), particularly in the degree to which they personalized the care they provided. Conclusion: The overexposure to death with the circumstances that existed during the state of emergency had a significant emotional impact on the professionals, which can lead to mental health problems in the near term.

Chewing Revenge or Becoming Socially Desirable? Anger Rumination in Refugees and Immigrants Experiencing Racial Hostility: Latin-Americans in Spain.

This paper explores how real scenarios of racial hostility and discrimination trigger anger rumination tendencies in refugees, asylum seekers and immigrants (hereafter RASI). Undergoing discrimination often leads to the development of negative thoughts and behaviors, and to a loss of meaning and self-worth. This could make young RASI particularly vulnerable to being recruited and exploited by extremist groups as they search for identity. We developed a picture-elicitation instrument (the PEI) to provide professionals with a tool that could identify groups of RASI according to their reactions to discrimination scenarios and explore how racial hostility might influence withdrawal levels. The tool was applied with the Anger Rumination Scale (ARS_19) to 509 RASI of Latin American origin living in Spain. Four categories were identified, according to how RASI processed anger when observing discrimination scenarios: "Social desirability", "Chewing", "Grudge", and "Vengeful". Further analyses showed that the youngest (18-29) fell under the "Grudge" and "Vengeful" categories and revealed more despair and social isolation. This study makes a positive contribution by being the first to investigate the problem of anger rumination in RASI undergoing racial hostility. Moreover, it equips professionals with two tools that, once validated, may help plan and implement strategies to reduce the impact of hostility on both RASI and their host societies.

I can't believe they are dead. Death and mourning in the absence of goodbyes during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The circumstances surrounding the deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent mourning process transpired in completely atypical conditions. This study analyses the experience of losing a loved one without traditional, culture-specific rituals for saying goodbye, explores the different factors affecting the onset of mourning by family members and studies the existence of complicating risk factors associated with grief from this distinct type of loss. A qualitative, phenomenological and interpretive research study was undertaken through in-depth interviews of 48 informants, key and general, in the autonomous Community of Madrid. The interviews were conducted between July and November of 2020 and were followed by an interpretive categorical qualitative analysis. The principal results include (a) the finding that deaths caused by the pandemic are, due to their characteristics, a complicating factor for bereavement, (b) evidence that the professionals who supported these deaths with a holistic approach, facilitating the process for the family members, have been a determining factor in enabling the beginning of the mourning process and reducing anguish for the family members and (c) the conclusion that a need exists for a resignification of the funeral rite. Finally, before future crises, it is recommended that access protocols be developed for relatives, including methods that permit them to say goodbye to their loved ones, no matter the situation.

Alcohol consumption in adolescents: the predictive role of drinking motives / Consumo de alcohol en adolescentes: el papel predictor de los motivos de consumo

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown differences in the motivational processes that lead to excessive alcohol consumption among adolescents. The paper focuses on the analysis of the reasons for alcohol consumption among minors, and compare the differences according to sex, age, and level of consumption. METHOD: A representative sample (N = 2,865) of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (mean age 14.24, dt = 1.33) was collected. The variables abuse, binge drinking and drinking motives were evaluated using a questionnaire designed ad hoc, which identified the Cooper's four categories of motives. RESULTS: The analyses (ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and logistic regression) showed that there were no differences between young men and women regarding consumption or binge drinking. Minors who abused alcohol experience consumption as pleasurable in itself, as an important source of intrinsic reinforcement. Conformity predicted the problematic consumption of alcohol among boys and a decrease in the frequency of binge drinking among girls. In addition, the larger group showed more presence of enhancement and social motives. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that it would not be of interest to focus prevention on the negative consequences of consumption, but rather on the training of specific skills

ANTECEDENTES: varios estudios han mostrado diferencias en los procesos motivacionales que llevan al consumo excesivo de alcohol en adolescentes. El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar los motivos de consumo de alcohol en menores y sus diferencias según el género, la edad o el grado de consumo. MÉTODO: se recogió una muestra representativa (N = 2865) de adolescentes de 12 a 18 años (edad media 14,24, dt=1.33). Se evaluaron las variables consumo problemático, binge drinking y motivos de consumo mediante un cuestionario diseñado ad hoc, que identificaba las cuatro categorías de motivos de Cooper. RESULTADOS: los análisis (ANOVA, correlación de Pearson y regresión logística) mostraron que no hubo diferencias de género en consumo ni en binge drinking. Los menores que abusaban del alcohol informaron de más presencia de reforzadores de todo tipo, siendo el consumo una fuente importante de reforzamiento intrínseco. La conformidad predijo el consumo problemático del alcohol en varones y disminuyó la frecuencia del binge drinking en chicas; además, el grupo mayor mostró más presencia de los motivos de bienestar y sociales. CONCLUSIONES: el estudio sugiere que no sería de interés centrar la prevención en las consecuencias negativas del consumo, sino en el entrenamiento de habilidades concretas

Alcohol consumption in adolescents: The predictive role of drinking motives.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown differences in the motivational processes that lead to excessive alcohol consumption among adolescents. The paper focuses on the analysis of the reasons for alcohol consumption among minors, and compare the differences according to sex, age, and level of consumption. METHOD: A representative sample (N = 2,865) of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (mean age 14.24, dt = 1.33) was collected. The variables abuse, binge drinking and drinking motives were evaluated using a questionnaire designed ad hoc, which identified the Cooper's four categories of motives. RESULTS: The analyses (ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and logistic regression) showed that there were no differences between young men and women regarding consumption or binge drinking. Minors who abused alcohol experience consumption as pleasurable in itself, as an important source of intrinsic reinforcement. Conformity predicted the problematic consumption of alcohol among boys and a decrease in the frequency of binge drinking among girls. In addition, the larger group showed more presence of enhancement and social motives. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that it would not be of interest to focus prevention on the negative consequences of consumption, but rather on the training of specific skills.

La triada adictiva: consumo de cocaína, alcohol y sexo / The addictive triad: cocaine use, alcohol and sex

Se describe el consumo de alcohol y cocaína en los contextos de prostitución más reservados y menos conocidos, así como las repercusiones para los actores implicados en el intercambio sexual. Se ha partido del trabajo etnográfico realizado en cinco locales de alterne de distinta posición en la jerarquía de venta de servicios sexuales, en cuatro zonas españolas, estableciendo una estrecha interacción con las personas que se encontraban en esos contextos. Entre los resultados podemos destacar que el consumo de alcohol y cocaína gira alrededor de los hombres que pagan servicios sexuales, que eran los principales consumidores de estas sustancias. La repercusión del consumo en las mujeres estaba marcada por los significados y funciones que las drogas tenían para ellas. Se plantea la necesidad de intervención preventiva en estos contextos de espacios cerrados y privados del mercado sexual y de un nivel medio, ya que los programas sociosanitarios eran escasos

Alcohol and cocaine use are described in the most reserved and unknown prostitution contexts, as well as the repercussions for the actors involved in sexual exchange. It has been based on the ethnographic work carried out in five brothels of different positions in the hierarchy of market of sexual services, in four Spanish areas, establishing a close interaction with people who were in those contexts. Among the results we can highlight the consumption of alcohol and cocaine revolves around men who pay for sexual services, which were the main consumers of these substances. The impact of consumption on women was marked by the meanings and functions that drugs had for them. There is a need for preventive intervention in these more hidden contexts of the sexual market and of a medium level, since socio-sanitary programs were scarce

¿Se debe cambiar la intervención para las mujeres mayores de 65 años víctimas de violencia de su pareja? / Should the intervention be changed for women over 65 who are victims of partner violence?

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Consumo de alcohol de los adolescentes en Madrid: la influencia de la identidad étnica latinoamericana y nacional española / Consumption of alcohol in adolescents in Madrid (Spain): influence of ethnic identity Latino and Spanish nationality

El alcohol es la sustancia más consumida por los adolescentes en sus espacios de ocio, y éstos difieren según ciertas categorías sociales. Objetivo. Este trabajo pretende abordar la relación entre identificación étnica latinoamericana y nacional española en el consumo de alcohol de los adolescentes madrileños, incluyendo el análisis de los motivos por los que beben alcohol y las circunstancias de riesgo que viven bajo el uso de esta sustancia. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo inferencial mediante un cuestionario ad hoc auto-administrado a 2890 adolescentes de 12 a 18 años; muestreo estratificado de centros de E.S.O. de Madrid. Resultados. El 7,4% de los adolescentes se identificó como latinoamericano y el 73,4% como español. La identificación como latinoamericano se asoció a mayor motivación para el consumo relacionada con la desinhibición, haberse emborrachado perdiendo el sentido, mayor autopercepción de abuso de alcohol y mayor riesgo en las relaciones sexuales. La identificación como español resultó más frecuente en mujeres que en varones, y no se relacionó con ninguna variable del consumo ni del abuso de alcohol. Las diferencias intersexuales fueron significativas en la edad de inicio al consumo y en la conducta de embriaguez. Conclusiones. Los resultados conducen a considerar las variables culturales y de identificación social en la intervención preventiva para aumentar la eficacia y eficiencia

Alcohol is the substance adolescents consume most in their leisure spaces, and these differ according to special social categories. Aims. This article aims to approach the relationship between ethnic Latino identity and Spanish nationality in alcohol consumption by Madrid adolescents. It includes an analysis of the reasons why they drink alcohol and the risk situations they undergo under this substance. Method. Descriptive inferential study with an ad hoc questionnaire self-administered to 2890 adolescents from 12 to 18 years old; stratified sampling in Ten Educational Centers in Madrid. Results. 7.4% of the adolescents identified themselves as Latin-American, and 73.4% as Spanish. The identification as a Latin-American was associated with a higher motivation for consumption related to lack of inhibition, having been inebriated with loss of consciousness, higher self-perception of alcohol abuse and higher risk in sexual intercourse. Identification as being Spanish was more frequent in women than in men, and was not related to any variable of alcohol consumption or abuse. Intersexual differences in analyzed variables were significant for the age of onset for consumption and alcohol intoxication behavior. Conclusions. Results lead to take into account cultural variables and those related to social identity in preventive intervention to increase efficiency and effectiveness

Adolescentes, situaciones de riesgo y seguridad vial / Adolescents, risk situations and road safety

ObjetivoDescribir los comportamientos de riesgo relacionados con la seguridad vial en los adolescentes.DiseñoEstudio descriptivo, transversal.EmplazamientoComunidades de Madrid y Andalucía.ParticipantesTres mil seiscientos doce estudiantes de los 4 cursos de ESO en Madrid (n=1.708) y en Andalucía (n=1.904).Mediciones principalesEncuesta realizada durante mayo-junio de 2007. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos (edad, sexo, curso, profesión del padre, lugar de nacimiento, etc.) y sobre comportamientos y situaciones de riesgo (conductas de riesgo de inseguridad vial como conductor o pasajero).ResultadosEl 16,2% de los adolescentes ha vivido una situación de peligro en la moto en el último año. El 16,7% nunca se pone el casco cuando monta en moto y el 62% no lo hace en bicicleta por la carretera; el 17,4% ha ido en moto muchas veces a más velocidad de la permitida y el 24,5% cuando viajaba en coche. El sexo, el curso y la comunidad autónoma muestran asociaciones significativas. Cuatro factores, que explican el 62% de la variancia, agrupan las situaciones o las conductas de riesgo en los adolescentes: drogas, velocidad, seguridad y pasajero. Dos de ellos han tenido 2 veces más probabilidades de producir situaciones de peligro en la moto en el último año: drogas (OR=1,96; IC del 95%: 1,77–2,18) y velocidad (OR=2,13; IC del 95%: 1,92–2,36).ConclusionesLos chicos de cursos avanzados y los residentes en Andalucía mostraron más conductas de inseguridad vial. Este perfil debe tenerse presente al diseñar medidas preventivas en la educación vial(AU)

ObjectiveDescribe the risk behaviour relationships with road safety in adolescents.DesignCross-sectional descriptive study.SettingMadrid and Andalusia Regions, representative samples.ParticipantsThe sample included 3,612 in secondary school pupils from Madrid (n=1708) and Andalusia (n=1904). The survey was carried out during May and June 2007.Main measurementsThe data collected included sociodemographic areas (age, sex, grade, father's profession, birth place, etc.) and risk situation and behaviour (risk behaviour as driver or passenger).Results16.2% of the adolescents have been involved in a dangerous situation with motorcycles during the last year. 16.7% never use a helmet when riding a motorcycle and 62% do not wear one when riding a bicycle on the road; 17.4% frequently ride a motorcycle over the speed limit and 24.5% when driving a car. There are significant differences regarding sex, grade and region (Madrid or Andalusia). There are four factors which explain 62% of the variance: drug factor, speed factor, security factor and passenger factor. Two of these have twice the probability of having a dangerous situation when riding a motorcycle: drug factor (OR=1.96; 95% CI, 1.77–2.18) and the speed factor ((OR=2.13; 95% CI, 1.92–2.36).ConclusionsAdolescents in higher grades and living in Andalusia were less road safety conscious. This pattern should be taken into account when designing preventive actions in Road Safety Education(AU)

[Adolescents, risk situations and road safety]. / Adolescentes, situaciones de riesgo y seguridad vial.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the risk behaviour relationships with road safety in adolescents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING: Madrid and Andalusia Regions, representative samples. PARTICIPANTS: The sample included 3,612 in secondary school pupils from Madrid (n=1708) and Andalusia (n=1904). The survey was carried out during May and June 2007. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The data collected included sociodemographic areas (age, sex, grade, father's profession, birth place, etc.) and risk situation and behaviour (risk behaviour as driver or passenger). RESULTS: 16.2% of the adolescents have been involved in a dangerous situation with motorcycles during the last year. 16.7% never use a helmet when riding a motorcycle and 62% do not wear one when riding a bicycle on the road; 17.4% frequently ride a motorcycle over the speed limit and 24.5% when driving a car. There are significant differences regarding sex, grade and region (Madrid or Andalusia). There are four factors which explain 62% of the variance: drug factor, speed factor, security factor and passenger factor. Two of these have twice the probability of having a dangerous situation when riding a motorcycle: drug factor (OR=1.96; 95% CI, 1.77-2.18) and the speed factor ((OR=2.13; 95% CI, 1.92-2.36). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents in higher grades and living in Andalusia were less road safety conscious. This pattern should be taken into account when designing preventive actions in Road Safety Education.

Consecuencias del uso de cocaína en las personas que ejercen la prostitución / Consequences of cocaine use among prostitutes

Objetivo: Describir las circunstancias y las consecuencias del consumo de cocaína en el entorno del ejercicio de la prostitución. Material y métodos: Estudio cualitativo sobre una muestra de 60 personas, de 18-50 años de edad, que ejercen la prostitución en la calle, apartamentos y clubs de 6 ciudades españolas, mediante entrevista semiestructurada. Resultados: El alcohol y la cocaína son las principales sustancias de consumo en este contexto. Se trata de consumos ocasionales e instrumentales que permiten a las personas que ejercen la prostitución sobrellevar la actividad que realizan, resistir muchas horas la prestación de prácticas sexuales con diferentes clientes, obtener mayores beneficios económicos y eludir los servicios sexuales. Las consecuencias del consumo por parte de estas personas pueden llevar a la desprotección en las prácticas sexuales y a ser víctimas de agresión o violencia por parte del cliente. Las personas prostituidas desarrollan estrategias de disminución del consumo: reducción de las dosis de consumo, simulación del uso de drogas o selección de los clientes consumidores. Conclusiones: El estudio destaca que los consumos de drogas se encuentran asociados al contexto de realización de los servicios sexuales. Sin embargo, las consecuencias de éstos pueden implicar riesgos para la salud por la desprotección de las prácticas sexuales que demanda el cliente

Objective: To describe the circumstances and consequences of cocaine use in the setting of prostitution. Material and method: We performed a qualitative study with fieldwork in 6 Spanish cities. Semi-structured interviews were carried out to 60 persons aged between 18 and 50 years old involved in prostitution in different settings: street, flat and brothel. Results: The main substances used in prostitution were alcohol and cocaine. Consumption was occasional and instrumental and helped to reduce psychological barriers or inhibition and increase tolerance to long hours of sex work with different clients, thus increasing earnings. Cocaine use was also associated with providing clients with company without having to perform sexual services. Among the consequences of drug use in prostitutes were unprotected sex and a higher risk of violence by clients. Prostitutes developed harm reduction strategies for drug use: dose reduction, simulated drug use, and selection of clients who were users. Conclusions: This study shows that there is connection between drug use and the provision of sexual services. Drug use can pose a health risk as consumption is associated with unprotected sex